The History of the Game of Bingo

Bingo is a popular game that can be played for cash and prizes.  Bingo games are won when the player matches numbers on their card with ones randomly drawn by a caller. The first person to complete a pattern yells, Bingo. Their numbers are checked and a prize or cash awarded. The patterns can be varied throughout a gaming session, which keeps players interested and engaged. Bingos Ancestors The games history can be traced back to 1530, to an Italian lottery called Lo Giuoco del Lotto DItalia, which is still played every Saturday in Italy. From Italy, the game was introduced to France in the late 1770s, where it was called Le Lotto, a game played among wealthy Frenchmen. The Germans also played a version of the game in the 1800s, but they used it as a childs game to help students learn math, spelling, and history.​ In the U.S., bingo was originally called beano. It was a country fair game where a dealer would select numbered discs from a cigar box and players would mark their cards with beans. They yelled beano if they won. Edwin S. Lowe and the Bingo Card When the game reached North America in 1929, it became known as beano. It was first played at a carnival near Atlanta, Georgia. New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe renamed it bingo after he overheard someone accidentally yell bingo instead of beano. He hired a Columbia University math professor, Carl Leffler, to help him increase the number of combinations in bingo cards. By 1930, Leffler had invented 6,000 different bingo cards. They were developed so there would be fewer non-repeating number groups and conflicts when more than one person got Bingo at the same time. Lowe was a Jewish immigrant from Poland. Not only did his E.S. Lowe company produce bingo cards, but he also developed and marketed the game Yahtzee, for which he bought the rights from a couple who played it on their yacht. His company was sold to Milton Bradley in 1973 for $26 million. Lowe died in 1986. Church Bingo A Catholic priest from Pennsylvania approached Lowe about using bingo as a means of raising church funds. When bingo started being played in churches it became increasingly popular. By 1934, an estimated 10,000 bingo games were played weekly. While gambling is banned in many states, they may allow bingo games to be hosted by churches and non-profit groups to raise funds. Casino Bingo Bingo has been one of the games offered at many casinos, both in Nevada and those operated by Native American tribes. E.S. Lowe built a casino hotel on the Las Vegas Strip, the Tallyho Inn. Today, more than $90 million dollars are spent on bingo each week in North America alone. Bingo in Retirement and Nursing Homes Bingo is a popular game played for recreational therapy and socialization in skilled nursing facilities and retirement homes. It is easy to operate with just a couple of staff or volunteers, and residents can play along with their visitors. The opportunity to win a small prize is a lure. Its popularity may wane once the elderly population who enjoyed church bingo in their youth pass on to new generations raised on video games.

Good and Evil in Toni Morrison Essay - 1423 Words

Morrison has said, I can easily project into other peoples circumstances and imagine how I might feel if...I dont have to have done this things. So that if Im writing of what I disapprove of, I can suspend that feeling and love those characters a lot. You know, sort of get inside the character because I sort of wonder what it would be like to be this person... Both her novels, The Bluest Eye and Sula, speak to this statement. There are a few characters in The Bluest Eye in which Morrison takes away a negative connotation from their actions. In the Afterwords, she writes, ..., I mounted a series of rejections, some routine, some exceptional, some monstrous, all the while trying hard to avoid complicity in the demonization†¦show more content†¦After his great aunts death, he is humiliated by two white men while having his first sexual encounter with Darlene. They force him to continue having sex with her while they watch and laugh. He couldnt strike back at the white men because, such an emotion would have destroyed him (150), he bottled up his emotions and transferred them to his hatred of women in general. The reader could feel and understand Chollys description of the emotions running through his head when he describes the incident a day after. He could not save Darlene from the taunting and laughs of the white men, and therefore was resigned to loathing her, hating the one who had created the situation, the one who bore witness to his failure, his impotence (151). This feeling of failure and powerlessness, leads him to rape Picola. Cholly felt revulsion, guilt, pity, then love (161) when he saw Picola hunched over the sink. He was revolted as a reaction to her helpless and hopeless presence (161). Cholly himself was helpless and hopeless when he was forced to perform sex with Darlene while the white men watched. He felt guilty because he did not know what he could do or say to take the sad demeanor of his daughter away, and give her happiness. This goes back to his humiliation from his first sexual encounter. He felt guilt for not protecting Darlene or doing something to ease her own humiliation. And finally, he was angry that Picola could stillShow MoreRelatedHome by Toni Morrison1100 Words   |  5 Pages1. The title of the book is called Home written by Toni Morrison. 2. Home is about a Korean War veteran named Frank Money who needs to save his sister from dying. The story starts with Frank describing a scene from his childhood with his sister. They were in a field with horses he describes the horses being beautiful and brutal, but on the other side some men were burying a dead African American in a hole. When Frank becomes an adult he is soon committed to a mental hospital after his time inRead MoreFriendship in Sula Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship in Sula In Sula, Toni Morrison questions what true friendship is by putting Nel Wright and Sula Peace’s friendship to the test. Morrison tests the phrase â€Å"opposites attract† in this novel. Nel and Sula have two different personalities yet they are able to compliment each other. They are opposites in the way that they relate to other people, and to the world around them. Nel is rational and balanced; she gets married and gives in to conformity and the town’s expectations. SulaRead MoreToni Morrison: the Bluest Eye and Sula Essay2313 Words   |  10 Pagesthe values the group considered significant. Transition by the word of mouth took the place of pamphlets, poems, and novels. Themes such as the quest for freedom, the nature of evil, and the powerful verses the powerless became the themes of African- American literature. In a book called Fiction and Folklore: the novels of Toni Morrision author Trudier Harris explains that Early folk beliefs were so powerful a force in the lives of slaves that their masters sought to co-opt that power. Slave mastersRead MoreToni Morrisons Sula Essay example1465 Words   |  6 PagesSula Toni Morrisons Sula is a novel that has a theme about the nature of evil. The story follows the lives of two black female friends who present differing views on evil. On one hand, we have societys conventional view of evil represented by the character of Nel and also seen in the Bottoms disapproval of Sula. The other view of evil is seen through the character of Sula and through her actions, which conflict with traditional society. The friendship of Sula and Nel is how the authorRead MoreA Mercy Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve Toni Morrison is trying to prove this point in her novel a mercy by depicting her story from the perspectives of various characters in the book. In doing this, the reader quickly learns to look at all sides of a story before jumping to false conclusions. In her novel, a mercy, Toni Morrison takes the reader into the minds of the characters Lina and Sorrow in order to demonstrate the importance of looking at all sides of a story before we commit ourse lves to either one. Morrison first manifestsRead MoreThe Friendship Of Two Black Women By Toni Morrison Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesToni Morrison’s novel is about the friendship of two black women, and how they and others live with the challenge social circumstances in Ohio during 1920s to 1960s. Throughout the story, Morrison encourages black women should overcome hardships and traumatic experiences to become independent and self-determined when they face racism, sexism, and poverty. The paper is using social work lens to examine how African-American history affects U.S social welfare. To be honestly, learning American historyRead MoreBiography of Toni Morrison1620 Words   |  7 PagesToni Morrison Born on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio, Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize- and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, editor and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue and richly detailed black characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved. Morrison has won nearly every book prize possible. She has also been awarded honorary degrees. Early Career Born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931, in LorainRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of The Ones Who Walk Away Essay1856 Words   |  8 PagesHowever, after understanding African Americanism and the connection of dark and white symbolism through Toni Morrison’s criticism, readers can then comprehend the seemingly simple characters and the plot in The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas in better detail. Also, the ambiguous details of the plot of The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas are become more clear when examined through the eyes of Toni Morrison and her criticism on literature. Therefore, through the analysis of the concepts such as the co-dependencyRead More Food as Symbol and Symbolism in Toni Morrison’s Beloved Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic Food in Toni Morrison’s Beloved In two passages of Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, she describes a party at 124. Everyone become so full from the food that flows endlessly that they become angry at Baby Suggs extravagance. Baby Suggs thinks it was this overfullness that caused them all to not notice the coming of Schoolteacher and his sons. The narrator of one passage is Stamp Paid and he recounts to Paul D. what happened at the party – what they ate and how it made everyone feelRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Sula980 Words   |  4 Pages Through place and time, there are those who find themselves questioning. For there are choices and risks in every relationship. There are good and evil in each and everyone. In this time it is the 1900s set in Medallion, Ohio. Toni Morrison s Sula takes readers on a journey through pillars, betrayals and tragedies surrounding two girls; Nel Wright and Sula Peace. The Bottom originated from a master and a slave. After some arduous tasks, the slave was given a piece of land on top of the hills

The Greek Achievement Free Essays

Greece is the most prominent civilization and achievement in the history. Greek created many achievements in architecture, art, philosophy, mathematics and science. It occupied a very important position in the history of world culture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Achievement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, there are no doubt that the contributions to the human society had a significant impact on the history. Also, There are some of the Greek achievements which still have impact on the world. Some information of achievements are below architecture and philosophy. Firstly, the style of architecture was mainly by Classical order. It represents the order of a building. Due to the Greeks believed that Zeus is very important in the gods of Greek mythology. And then, the gods of Mount Olympus looks like a human. They need the construction of buildings to protect them. For instance, the Parthenon which was built in Athens and accordance with strict laws of balance and proportion. It is a architecture that full of order. Therefore, this classical style was continued to influence early Western architecture. The most notably monuments is the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. In addition, the refinement of form and the architectural of the style were established in the Greek temple. It is a architectural what is influence for the last two thousand years of western building tradition. Likewise, philosophy is also a part of the Greek achievement. Philosophy is a Greek word that meaning â€Å"love of wisdom†. Greeks searched the answers about their role in the universe. The Athenians loved ideas as much as they loved the freedom of democracy. The most famous philosopher in Athens was called Socrates. He dared to raise questions about Athenian values. He believed that is important to examine the laws, social customs, and even religious values. His motto was â€Å"know thyself†. After his death, his student Plato carried on his work. Plato opened the first university called the Academy in Greece which taught students. The ideas of Plato and Socrates are still study around the world now. To sum up, the classical age in Greece was a period of greatness achievement. Also, Greece was a the standard for philosophy, science, history, art and architecture for all different cultures. Therefore, the Greek architecture and the philosophy are still affect in the modern society. How to cite The Greek Achievement, Essay examples

Skill Test for Global Readiness Index- Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about theSkill Testfor Global Readiness Index. Answer: The aim of the present assignment is to reflect on each of the individual management self-tests, which have been taken previously to understand my potentiality as a manager. Therefore, in the present paper, through a concise reflection, a brief reflection on each of the individual tests along with a development plan will be accomplished. The development plan would be based on the reflection, which will supposedly give account of the flaws or weak points of me as a manager. Previously, five self-tests on skills of effective managers, managerial assumption, global readiness index, time management profile and emotional intelligence have been pursued. In the following, the aforementioned tests will be briefly reflected. From the initial self-test, I have learnt that in order to become an efficient manager, I would need to have potentialities to build team work, should have communication flexibility, self-management skills and the ability to think critically. At the same time, I have identified that a manager should have the professional leadership skills, which is the most prevalent criterion for building a fruitful team of subordinates. The test result is indicative of the truth that I have efficiency in most of the aforementioned skills and therefore, each of the above-mentioned skills should be practiced by me if I want to become an effective manager in future. As mentioned by Hommelhoff and Sabin. (2015), a successful manager should have technical experience and conceptual knowledge. Both of them are necessary for accomplishing ultimate organizational goal of productivity. The score for the particular test is indicative of the fact that I have the strength to advance all the above mentioned feat ures sharply in future. The second self-test, which has been the test for managerial assumption, reflects that I am have the ability to control myself in a particular situation. Most significantly, the test has indicated that I have a positive perception regarding the people around me; therefore I am more likely to think that people who are working under me will be able to accept their responsibility. The test of X and Y theory of McGregon indicates that I have the ability of transformational as well as transactional management, which are essential in motivating employees for acquiring best productivity and performance. It is one of the fundamental responsibilities of the managers to motivate their employees so that they can understand their responsibilities and accomplish them properly (Gabdreeva and Khalfieva 2015). My score also implicate that I can manage people, which means I would be able to use the reward and punishment strategy properly to manage the productivity. The managers are required to deal with employees coming from diverse regions of the work, and hence having a global mindset is highly important as it helps him in interacting with the subordinates in a culturally sensitive way, without hurting the sentiments of anyone. The Global Readiness Index test that I have undergone has shown that I do have the ability to mingle with and work with people of different cultural backgrounds (Mujtaba 2013). This will help me deal with expatriate employees working in my country as well as work abroad with foreign workers in future. I have discovered that my global knowledge is not very high and it can be improved upon. This can be disadvantageous as it is not enough to respect the cultural beliefs of the foreign employees, as a manager is also required to be well-versed in the knowledge of the country, government rules and policies in the foreign locations as well. Hence, I would require to improve the same in future. A manager sets the example to its employees, and if he himself is late, he will fail to motivate his employees to work within the specified timeframe. Hence, I believe that the time management skills of a manager are highly important. The test I took to examine my time management skills showed that I am very punctual and my high score of 8 shows that I am pretty much capable of handling tasks and assignments with short and urgent deadlines. I would be able to complete each task assigned to me within the time available and it is expected that I will not usually late for any business meeting. This will help me complete my work most productively, and inspire my subordinates to manage their tasks in a more organized way. I have realized that the very reason why I can complete my world within a short time is that I have a very systematically organized approach towards work, that helps me complete my tasks beforehand. I can easily organize my to-do list and this implies that in future, I w ill never run short of time (Tabassi et al. 2016). As far as the Emotional Intelligence Tests re concerned, I scored pretty well in emotional mentoring, although my capability to manage my emotions has been found to be lacking. I have also found that I can empathize well with people, and though it is good, it may land me up in problems being more generous with my employees leading to organizational problems. I am not good at controlling my emotions and thus I may fail to influence and inspire my employees to work productively in future (Helfat and Peteraf 2016). In case of organizational trouble, I may shout and yell at employees, making them more de-motivated and crestfallen at work, that will affect the workplace productivity. However, I can influence my subordinates to work harder and lead them in a proper way. Although the technical skills as well as the conceptual skills are highly important for any manager, a manager is required to possess certain important qualities that can help him administer his duties in an effective way without indulging or even de-motivating any of his employees. Accordingly, I have realized the importance of the aforementioned skills, and I believe I possess most of the skills that can help me become a successful manager in future. However, I would like to improve my ability to manage the employees as well as enhance the linguistic skills necessary to communicate with employees of different ethnic backgrounds. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTION PLAN Name .. Student Number .. In order to reach your goals, what behaviours will you Stop, Minimise, Keep Doing, do More of and which will you Start? SKILL STOP MINIMISE KEEP DOING DO MORE START 1 Time Management Skills 2 Teamwork 3 Global Knowledge 4 Emotion Management skills 5 Creativity Reference List: Gabdreeva., Khalfieva., 2015, Asian Social Science. Features of Managers' Personality Psychological Properties Relationship,11 (3), 158-161 Helfat, CE Peteraf, MA, 2015, Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,36(6), pp.831-850. Hommelhoff, Sabine., 2015, Journal of Service Theory and Practice. Implicit managerial theories about followers and customers, 27(1), 47-68. Mujtaba, BG 2013, Managerial skills and practices for global leadership. Tabassi, AA, Roufechaei, KM, Ramli, M, Bakar, AHA, Ismail, R Pakir, AHK, 2016, Leadership competences of sustainable construction project managers.Journal of Cleaner Production,124, pp.339-349.

Why do you wish to become an optometrist an Example by

Why do you wish to become an optometrist? Naive was I, when attending my first year in high school in America, thinking that besides receiving the best grades possible, participating into club activities, taking leadership roles, there was nothing else to think about. Students were already with their mind set into what university to apply to, what they will be when grown up. Everybody had a story of when they were a child how a firefighter saved his/her life and he/she eventually wanted to be one to. I was ashamed to say that no one saved my life, not a firefighter, not even a police man and the only heroes in my life were my parents. However, I did not want to do what they were involved in. I just knew that I like helping those in need, I like leading those that need to be led, and I thought it amazing to know that I can make people smile (in my own simple way). Need essay sample on "Why do you wish to become an optometrist?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write assignment for me? Specialists advise: Get professional assistance One day, during my English class, one of the school ESL teachers invited blind children to our classroom. She challenged us to walk around blindfolded for the whole day and experience their reality of the world. Besides realizing that it is almost impossible to do that for a few hours without feeling frustrated and mad, I could not understand how they do it. I wanted to help them, make a difference in their lives somehow. It seemed that out of all the senses, losing sense of sight is the hardest to endure. And yet they, the blind children, really were surviving and living as how more fortunate individuals do. From then on, I sought to find ways on how I can help not only blind people but those individuals who have eye defects. Eventually, I apprehended that there was really an effective way on how I can actualize such desired vocation and that is by undertaking a profession that would allow me to gain knowledge and skills in curing and treating people who have eye deficiencies. Of course I also have to earn money for my family and own sake but I would not be contented by such objective. I really want to help those people who have eye disorders and diseases. And so I decided to carry out these two ultimate goals by obtaining a degree in Optometry. And after finishing it, my vocation to help people would finally come true. Shadowing optometrists specializing in different areas like low vision, visual therapy, and contact lenses has provided me great insight into the, yet, unknown world of optometry. I have seen with what mutual joy doctors enlighten the patients' lives, and patients surprise of a new world the first time they put on a pair of glasses. For me, it is the most precious reward that a doctor can received; something that is more than money and luxury. The thought that I would be able to make people see what they do not see, or at least what is so hard for them to see, really inspires me to move towards what my vocation calls me. I prefer to call such as a mission given to me by God so I can truly say that somehow or at one point in my life I have given a selfless love, in its most authentic and truest sense. Moreover, I believe in what the New Testament says that whatever you do to other people is also the thing that you do to Him (Pennock, 2003). This also boosts my morale in pursuing my vocation because I know that by showing care and love to other people, mostly to those unfortunate ones, I also show how much I love God. Eyes are the windows of ones soul in which one could really see God in His most loving form. Being an optometrist is surely no easy task. One should be really knowledgeable, skilled and well-trained in diagnosing and treating eye disorders. Lots of patience, prudence, and wisdom are required to earn it. Well there is no easy job after all. Yet, if one truthfully loves what he does, then everything will be in its right place everything will be okay. I suppose that being an optometrist is one of the best areas of medicine that one could take and practice. God does not really inflict suffering to anyone (like the very idea of being blind or having eye defect). He only wants everyone to realize that in their simplest and modest ways, they can really become the blessings of God to those people (which in my case by allowing them to see how beautiful life is). Reference: Pennock, M. (2003). Encountering Jesus in the New Testament. Ave Maria Press.

HEINEKEN N.V- Global Branding Awareness

HEINEKEN N.V- Global Branding Awareness HEINEKEN N.V- Global Branding AwarenessProblem Statement: As the consumer needs tastes vary across the globe, Heineken must decide how much to adept their marketing strategy to local needs using a variance of standardized marketing mix adapted marketing mix, owing to the strong brand preferences loyalties that exist among the beer drinkers.Recommendations: Heineken needs to evaluate its home replication, multi-domestic national, global transitional strategy to establish its scope of operations, resource deployment distinctive competence across its strategic business units. They also need to prioritize between global integration vs. national responsiveness evident from decreasing sales in Holland rest of Europe (refer chart 1). Also, Heineken's global branding strategy should account for the socio-cultural influences, attitudes perception of its consumers in foreign markets.Analysis: Heineken's position in the beer market is consolidated by its strong history, making it the n umber two beer brewer in the world, thus accounting for nearly 5% of the worlds production.Some kind of delicious.With a major global presence, Heineken's main market is Europe, accounting for 47% of its sales. Some of the other brands include Amstel, Buckler, Murphy's Stout Bir Bintang, each of these being targeted at different levels across the world.Heineken's premium quality taste was attributed towards five core brand values: taste, premiumness, tradition, winning sprit friendship. Heineken's "good taste" brand image advertising can be evaluated on the basis of desirability, exclusiveness believability. These attributes can be measured on the basis of the evolving market structure, beginning at the embryonic stage (eg: Africa) and continuing to the declining stage (eg: USA), thereby creating a platform for laying down the market objectives. Also the relationship between the product-trial rate and the customer awareness level will remain to be the deciding factor on reach, f requency...

The Laws of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Laws of Leadership - Essay Example In the past, whenever I have been handed over a task I have been able to break up the task at hand and come up with a course of action. I have set goals that need to be achieved in order to successfully complete the task. Influencing others is the important aspect of being a leader. If you cannot influence, then you are not a leader. It was only when you can influence, people will follow you. I believe this my weakness as I have not been able to influence people the way I would have wanted to. That is, even though I can connect with any person I am not able to influence them to follow me wholeheartedly. In order to increase my ability to influence, I must start leading by example. I have to first set an example by doing what I propose my followers to do. I need to act responsibly and have to brush up my communication skills. Merely communicating won’t help and I have to identify what drives the other person and then act on it. I have to work on understanding my

Shanghai Commercial Real Estate Market Is there a Bubble under Essay

Shanghai Commercial Real Estate Market Is there a Bubble under Prosperity - Essay Example However, demand has driven the price of properties up at an alarming rate, due mainly to speculative property purchases and "hoarding" practices of real estate developers. Fears of an impending bubble situation has driven the central government to implement regulations and restrictions designed to cool what is considered an overheated real estate market in 2005. Studies on the effects of these intervention measures show that while lower end residential markets have experienced price decreases, the commercial and high-end development projects have actually posted price increases even with the regulations in effect. Studies also indicate that while the upward spiral of property prices must be scrutinized and monitored regularly, Shanghai's real estate has not been overvalued and is therefore yet to be considered in a state of a real estate bubble. To be "shanghaied" is to be tricked, as a reference to historical government corruption and tolerance of the then-ruling Nationalists for opium dens and prostitution in the early part of the 20th Century. As a reaction to this corruption, the Communist Party was founded in Shanghai, a nationwide attempt to bring order into chaos. Incidentally, Mao's Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's capitalist policies likewise saw its inception in Shanghai. (Areddy 2007) It seems ironic that the apparent seat of communism and capitalism in China should be in the same city, and yet Shanghai has always been grandiose in all its associations, despite its size. Shanghai is less than 1% of the total land mass of China at 6,340.5 square kilometers in 2005 and about 1% of the total population at

PART 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PART 2 - Term Paper Example The law and the doctor’s code of ethics as well lays out the right of patients’ to confidentiality of their medical information or records. Breach of this confidentiality is punishable by law. If a hospital is proved to have made public such private information or voluntarily enabled third parties to access such information, its image can be damaged completely. Since health care is a very sensitive issue to individuals seeking treatment and they require their information to be treated with utmost confidentiality, it is very difficult for them to seek treatment to an institution where they are not certain of confidentiality. Therefore, a health organization can lose mush of its clients. This is also accompanied by financial losses as people will seek medical care elsewhere. Health organizations that operate through financial support from donors and well-wishers can lose this support if proved to be negligent of the right of patients in terms of confidentiality of the med ical records. On the other hand, breach of private medical information can also have adverse effects on the part of the patients. Some information is very sensitive and if it falls into the wrong hands, patients can be emotionally affected. For instance, disclosure of a patient’s HIV/AIDS status can lead to discrimination and stigmatization. There are a lot of negative effects that are associated with discrimination such as stress, or mental torture. Some people have even been reported to commit suicide as a result of discrimination and stigmatization. Disclosure of such information can also affect the social life of an individual as s/he may feel embarrassed if some private information falls way into the public. If private medical information of an individual falls into the hands of employers, some people may lose their job based on the severity of their medical problem. Some medical conditions have been proved to affect productivity of individuals in the workplaces as they may skip some days or take breaks from work to seek medical care. Therefore, an employer may terminate employment if such information falls into his/her hands. In addition, this may also directly affect other family members as they may also be discriminated against. For instance, a wife may be stigmatized or discriminated against if her husband’s HIV status is known by the public. In some parts of the world, certain medical conditions are regarded as a taboo and punishment from God hence may lead to discrimination (Cordess, 2001). In a nutshell, breach of patient’s medical records or information may have negative effects to the health care provider, patient, as well as other family members. References Banker, E. A. (2006). Institutional Review Board: Management and Function. New York, USA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Cordess, C. (2001). Confidentiality and Mental Health. New York, USA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Assignment 2 Potential causes of breach of confidentia lity and assessment Confidentiality of patients’ medical records has been a sensitive issue over the recent past. As evidenced in many sources, there have been a lot of cases involving patients complaining of breach of confidentiality in terms of their medical records. In fact, many health care providers have in the past been sued and found guilty. This paper describes the possible causes of breach

Moral Influences on Historians

Moral Influences on Historians Malthus was criticised of ‘confusing moral and scientific categories, of allowing the former to influence his understanding of the latter’. Should the historian’s work be free of moral influence? ‘Population was [for Malthus] the great Devil, the untamed Beelzebub that was only kept chained down by vice and misery, and which, if it were once let loose from these restraints, would go forth, and ravage the earth.’ (Hazlitt 1994, p.182) This contemporary response to Malthus’s work by William Hazlitt echoes the main corpus of rejoinders raising the charge against Malthus that his work reflected uncorroborated ethical assumptions that ultimately would prove counterintuitive and fly in the face of common sense. Although frequently articulated by his opponents, this essay will argue that this charge is mainly misguided. The question requires to explore three distinct but interrelated issues: first, whether Malthus’s work suffers from a confusion of moral and scientific categories. Second, whether the scientific aspects of his work have been subject to distortion on account of the moral principles he held to be true and valid. And third, whether history as a scholarly enterprise should be free from moral maxims. The implications of all three issues are complex and reach far beyond the confines of this essay. Malthus’s work itself is easily straddling several domains of academic inquiry and part of the answer to whether his work suffers from the conflation of moral and scientific categories lies in the heterogeneous character of his work. It seems appropriate to elaborate all three issues mentioned above through an investigation of his main arguments. Malthus’s work disrespects neatly drawn boundaries of academic disciplines. The essay will proceed as follows. In a first section it will outline what I believe the wider issue is that informs the debate surrounding the veracity and validity of Malthus’s historiographical work. The second part of the essay will sketch the primary arguments by Malthus and, eventually, relate these as we go along to the issues of objectivity and neutrality. Malthus wrote at the intersection of three domains of intellectual engagement. At the time of the publication of his work, none of these fields had emerged as scholarly disciplines in themselves, although one (history) was in the process of methodological standardisation. Malthus’s main thesis on the consequences and logic of population growth drew on one side from historical evidence and articulated a particular historical narrative. On the other hand, it advocated distinct measures to prevent unchecked population growth and therefore engaged with what we would now call social policy. On a meta-level, however, his historical narrative as well as his conclusions about the nature of population control and its desirability rested on assumptions about the nature of man and the role of reason in determining the common good of English society. In a wider sense then Malthus offered his readers a dense and complex philosophical framework that informed his analytical and interpretativ e project. The issue of scientific objectivity or moral influence of his work however does not extend equally into these three fields. And it is this disciplinary distinction which will allow us to clarify some of the challenges and accusations that were levelled against his work. Interestingly the question whether Malthus confuses moral and scientific categories in his work only pertains to one dimension: that of history and historical evidence. Social policy is per se generated by ethical viewpoints about what society ought to look like and about the permissibility of human suffering or desirability of human happiness. Philosophy as an enquiry about the moral resources for social agency of individuals possesses equally qua definitionem a moral impetus. Neither of the two are therefore even in their ideal form free of ethical considerations, nor should they be. To deprive them of any normative content is to strip them of their essence. This is not the case with history, or so at least some philosophers of history claim. The relevant debate is mainly cast in the issue of objectivity in historiography. Historical evidence so the main claim goes, can somehow be void of ethical judgement and so should be the end product of historical work, histories that purport to be an accurate portrayal of things past. Insofar as Malthus presented us in the Essay (Malthus 1970) with an example of historical writing, he would have to abide by strict guidelines of what constitutes objective historiography. There are several confusions here at work that, once clarified, instantly defuse the charge of subjectivity against Malthus. If we understand objectivity in historical writing as absence of undue personal bias then little of historiography would pass this test. McCullagh has convincingly argued that such a stringent standard makes little sense (McCullagh 2000). If we probe our convictions further we may find it utterly reasonable that some types of political, ideological or moral bias find their way into our narratives. What we do find deplorable however is if historians try either to conceal their possible interests in giving a particular narrative a specific slant, or pretending to present to us in their narratives the epitome of objectivity in historical work. Furthermore, we can, as sensitive observers, detect biases and criticise them. All we need for that purpose is to be able to follow up the historical evidence and check that it corroborates the particular historical narrative under scrutiny. This way it is fairly easy for historians to distinguish a work written to robust methodological standards from a fanciful account of past events. The thesis that objectivity is a standpoint universally shared and that therefore historical opinion ultimately must converge upon an indisputable singular truth is erroneous and distorts the nature of history as an intellectual endeavour. Objectivity in historiography can only amount to absence of obvious personal bias which still leaves us as historians with questions of contested interpretations and the problematic nature of evidence selection. History therefore is by nature a field of contestation, a conversation on things past (Oakeshott 1999) rather than the presentation of an ultimate irrefutable portrayal of events. If that is the case, moral maxims may play a role in the instruments of selection and interpretation in historical work, but that should not bother us as long as they are transparently articulated and remain susceptible to criticism. Haskell has formulated a persuasive critique of those notions of history that assume historical writing be ethically neutral (Haskell 1990). We have, he writes, as much chances to prevent our moral convictions to colour our historical work as we have to detach us from our social lives and commitments. In fact it is at the heart of the philosophical project of scepticism to suggest that the search for an Archimedian point of view, which would expose to us the world as it is in some transcendent reality, is riddled with problems bordering on conceptual nonsense. It is this scepticism that informs Malthus’s work on population control and his critique of social policy and social reform. Consequently this critical project is formulated from an ethical standpoint which is clearly expressed and made transparent in his writings. The historical evidence he produces is equally open to scrutiny and he did abide by all common standards of methodological stringency endorsed at that time. H ence to claim that his historical account of population growth is unduly influenced by moral, political or ideological commitments which are immune from analytical scrutiny is to misunderstand the capacity of history for rigorous methodological discipline and professional standards. Let us now turn to a brief outline of the various themes and arguments which Malthus presents in his work. As already mentioned his work is a multifaceted and richly textured argument which straddles at least three domains of intellectual inquiry: history, philosophy and social policy. To contend that Malthus’s essay is exclusively an example of history proper is to fail to recognise the multiplicity of his intentions as well as the depth of his argument. As I have argued above, it should cause us no trouble to accept that Malthus the historian has in fact worked from ethical assumptions that may not be universally shared and that these assumptions have influenced his selection of historical evidence as well as the interpretations of it. The standards of historical work stipulate simply that these assumptions can be revealed, scrutinised and criticised by evaluating the validity of his interpretations of historical evidence as well as the impartiality of his selection. This in essence is the nature of historical work and does not jeopardise any reasonable claim of the discipline as a whole to engage in an enterprise that can lay claim to be objective as different from morally neutral (Haskell 2000). It is however a quite different story if we take Malthus to be an advocate of particular policies of public health or social reform. The question then does not seem to be whether or not Malthus was guided by his moral convictions in formulating his views on these matters, as he inevitably was, but whether his view of history should justifiably tell us anything about the way in which we should organise our society. The question resonates deeply with contemporary philosophical debates of which Malthus must have been keenly aware. Only some years before David Hume took issue with the view that we can infer the future from things past. There can be no doubt that to a certain degree Malthus is guilty of committing the mistake of extrapolating from past developments a picture of a desirable future state of British society. But let us in all fairness look at his claims in detail. In outlining his main arguments I will use a distinction made by Hamlin which I believe structures the field of interpretation in a helpful way and separates the contentious issues from the non-contentious ones. Hamlin focuses first of all on Malthus’s core argument which is of descriptive nature in his statement of the population principle. As a purely descriptive proposition it must fail to invite criticism of ethical subterfuge. (Hamlin 2000, p.117). The principle of population can be summarised in three aspects. Firstly, Malthus believes to have shown that the ‘population cannot increase without the means of subsistence, second, that population invariably increases when the means of subsistence are available, and third that ‘the superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice’ (Winch 1987, p.19) Here Malthus works with two (mainly speculative) assumptions: first, that man’s drive to procreation is infinitely greater than the earth’s potential to produce subsistence. And second, that the sexual impulses of man are stable over history. Malthus illustrates the first postulate by contrasting the arithmetic power of subsistence to the geometric growth in population. The disparity between the two had been pointed out previously by other commentators, and critics have accordingly accused Malthus of plagiarism (Hazlitt 1994a, p.171). But it would only be fair to Malthus to mention that he never claimed to be the discoverer of this relation between the two different ratios (Hazlitt 1994a, p.171). Although Malthus attempts to support his calculations about the necessary divergence of the two ratios with some available figures on population growth and grain production in the past, his argument which links the two remains speculative. This is not so much the case because he may use only a highly selective range of historical evidence (it can be disputed how much was available to him at the time), but rather because the disparity between the two hinges upon certain assumptions about the nature of population growth and food supply as well as their interaction. Malthus thinks that procreation is the natural outcome of the sexual impulse and does not reckon with the proliferation of already available means of prevention. Equally, his notion of food supply is one dimensional and consequently fails to take into account the possible variations of food produce. He notes that pasture necessarily makes less effective use of land than grain production, yet fails to see the different outcomes in nutritional value for humans. The speculative character of his writings therefore reside in the lack of depth of his calculations not in his moral convictions that may have come to bear upon his selection of historical evidence and hi s interpretation of it. The second domain of his work relates to social policy and the potential of society to prevent misery. This introduces a first normative element into the picture but, contrary to many critics, Malthus’s ethical convictions do not confound the entire issue but only aspects of it. The fist aspect is whether or not it is true as a historiographical assertion that poverty exerts an influence upon the ability of population to grow. Here Malthus is still on descriptive ground. He once again may lack the empirical resources to reach a sufficiently informed judgement on the issue but nothing points to the possibility that Malthus follows in his interpretation of the available evidence a personal bias and subsequently tries to conceal it. His prose is not driven by ideological or moral convictions. The second aspect however deals with the chances of success for a proactive policy of public health and welfare. Here he extrapolates from a mixture of historical evidence and some theories about social and economic agency. It is this mixture which opens him up to the charge of propagating the abolition of any reform agenda on the grounds of ideological beliefs. His position is informed by certain theories of socio-economic behaviour that are at best speculative, at worst simply false. His core argument rests on an analysis of the effects of resource scarcity in society. He notes that the provision of additional money to the poor, if not mirrored by an increase in food supply, only results in the increase of prizes. The overall effect comes to nought. As the income of the poor rises, so do the prizes since the demand exceeds now the supply of food. The intended effect is the continuation of misery for the poor (Malthus 1970, pp.94-95). While this hints at an economic relationship that may or may not pan out in the predicted way, and overall may still prove to be overly simplistic, it can hardly be considered to be unduly influenced by moral beliefs. It is prima facie an economic theory which features (still) in many run of the mill explanations of prize development. Malthus however supports this idea with the notion that any kind of monetary assistance transforms the capacity of human agency for self-reliance negatively. He writes: ‘The poor laws are strongly calculated to eradicate this spirit [of independence]. †¦ Hard as it may appear in individual instances, dependent poverty ought to be held disgraceful. Such a stimulus seems to be absolutely necessary to promote the happiness of the great mass of mankind, and every attempt to weaken this stimulus, however benevolent its apparent intention, will always defeat its purpose.’ (Malthus 1970, p.98) Here he presents us with what John Rawls would have called a background social theory that informs our interpretation of social activity and structures our notion of socio-economic agency (Rawls 1993). The difficulty is that these theories require justification in order to shed their ideological drift (Daniels 1996). Malthus seems to think that all sorts of dependence are deplorable, while all kinds of independence are laudable. What he fails to realise it that independence exists in social contexts which crucially shape the capacity to act as an economic or social agent. Clientelistic relationships for example may to some degree offset lack of money. On the other hand, the absence of either deprives any individual to enter the stage of economic co-operation in the first place, hence the chance to perpetuate personal independence and transform it into participation in social and economic schemes of co-operation. Malthus’s theory about the stimulus of independence abstracts from the conditions that need to be fulfilled for active and effective socio-economic agency. This clearly reflects an ideological bias although, arguably, it may echo the beliefs and attitudes prevalent at the time. Here Malthus’s work lacks the sceptical sting that it exhibits in other parts. The further one reads his essay the more he gets bogged down in speculations about the perfectibility of man and the conditions for moral excellence. These are regrettable deviations from his main argument and deflect from the validity of his historiographical reflections. Once again however, these are strictly speaking not confusions of historical evidence and moral convictions but attempts to defend the conclusions he drew from population development in the past for social policy. He may have committed a category mistake by drawing on descriptive data to formulate prescriptive and substantial policy and support this with views on human nature and the role of reason in society, but his historical credentials remain intact. Although his policy recommendations drew fire, it would be unfair to say that his selection of historical evidence was driven by personal interest or moral convictions. Bibliography Primary Sources Malthus, Thomas Robert (1970), An Essay on the Principle of Population and a Summary view of the Principle of Population, New York: Penguin Books [1798 and 1830] Hazlitt, William (1994a), An Examination of Mr. Malthus’s Doctrines, in Population. Contemporary Responses to Thomas Malthus, ed. By Andrew Pyle, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, pp. 170-175 Hazlitt, William (1994b), On the Principle of Population as Affecting the Schemes of Utopian Improvement, in Population. Contemporary Responses to Thomas Malthus, ed. By Andrew Pyle, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, pp. 176-183 Secondary Sources Daniels, Norman (1996), Justice and Justification. Reflective Equilibrium in theory and practice, Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press Hamlin, Christopher and Gallagher-Kamper, Kathleen (2000), Malthus and the Doctors: Political Economy, Medicine, and the State in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1800-1840, in Malthus, Medicine, and Morality: ‘Malthusianism’ after 1798, ed. By Brian Dolan, Amsterdam Atlanta: Rodopi, pp.115-140 Haskell, Thomas L. (1990), Objectivity is not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick’s That Noble Dream, in History and Theory, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.129-157 Mccullagh, Behan C. (2000), Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation, in History and Theory, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp.39-66 Oakeshott, Michael (1999), On History and other essays, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Rawls, John (1993), Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press Winch, Donald (1987), Malthus, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press

Reflections of the Past Essay -- French Revolution, French Politics, B

Edmund Burke is considered one of the most influential intellectuals, best known for criticising the French revolution in his 1790 publication, â€Å"Reflections on the Revolution in France.† It is a book that has been the topic of a variety of debates and disagreements, but has always had the distinction of being able to influence a number of different groups, including the classic liberal. The text criticizes the French revolution on a number of different principles. One of Burkes main problems with the revolution is that the revolutionary leaders attempted to change the entirety of Frances political system overnight rather than take it gradually and change things one by one. He claims that the New France has little chance of succeeding (230) because of what he sees as impulsive. He also states that, innovation is not reform, which also requires reflection (119). He compares this to the view the philosophers, where the approach lacked realism during a time when abstractness could be fatal. The complete abolition of the entire political system in 1789 ended with an immense amount of confusion during transformation. The prior political system, Feudalism, was declared void and so the entirety of the governmental institutions was dissolved. This includes the army, the local government, the judicial system and the clergy. This all relates to the political ideology of the philosophers, which held that a revolution was good at destruction, but not so good at the rebuilding process. Though it is debateable if Burkes critique of the revolution was right or wrong, the even did stimulate him to devise his political ideology. His ability to insinuate logical points of politics makes this a rather important book. The main idea behind this ... ...ore spectacle rather then substance (283), which isn’t what France needs. Instead there is a national assembly that Burke states isn’t qualified to form a government and which will eventually become more extreme (374). In Burkes opinion, France made a lot of mistakes when they revolted against their king and country. For society to be liberty it requires wisdom, which then requires virtue (373), both which Burke believes the France are missing. He ends his book commending Britian â€Å"on the basis of longstanding existence and reforms† (375) or the ability to gradually change the country for the better, much more so because many of the past reforms were an attempt to recover past privileges and traditions, which are positive. Regardless of how one feels about the French Revolution, â€Å"Reflections on the Revolution in France† is a book that is still an important read.

Alcoholics Anonymous â€Nursing Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous is a close-knit program which is a very successful method of recovery for alcoholism. The program was the first of many to adopt the twelve step approach to recovery. This program is three dimensional: spiritually, mentally and physically which is represented in the twelve steps. The steps stress anonymousness, kindness and rejuvenation within all members. It gives recovering alcoholics a place to feel comfortable and unashamed to know others are going through the same recovery. Members are encouraged to be sponsored by a companion recovering alcoholic with more experience in the program to help to better understand AA. The sponsor is the same gender as the member and usually the relationship between the two is a gift that both members can benefit from. The Twelve steps are as follows: 1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable. 2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. 3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him. 4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. 5. Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. 6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. 7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings. 8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all. 9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. 10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it. 11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. 12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs. When I went to the AA meeting, I noticed that this disease of alcoholism affects all ages, socioeconomic groups and both genders. Not being an alcoholic, I did not think I would enjoy/benefit from the meeting–but I was indeed wrong. The feeling of support, unification and encouragement that the group portrayed is indestructible. Members of the group listened and strengthened one and other. I think Alcoholics anonymous is something that is very special and anyone suffering from an addiction to alcohol would profit from.

5 Online Style Guides

5 Online Style Guides 5 Online Style Guides 5 Online Style Guides By Mark Nichol You’re looking for a style guide to adopt, or for one you can use as a model for creating your own personal or professional handbook, but you don’t want to pay for one or more books to evaluate and perhaps use (print versions of the major style guides retail for $20–$65), or you’re done with dead-tree resources (translation: books). You could beg, borrow, or steal a copy, but fortunately, several excellent online style guides are available so that you needn’t resort to these strategies. 1. The Associated Press Stylebook The online version of the AP Stylebook, the bible of US journalists, costs $26 for an annual subscription more than the print version but it features bonus benefits, including email notifications of style updates and access to new entries and recent changes. It also includes a search function and a personalization feature. Subscribers can use the Ask the Editor feature and search its archive, which is more voluminous than the Stylebook itself. The subscription policy includes multiuser and renewal discounts. Print version: $19.95 2. Chicago Manual of Style The primary resource for US book publishers is offered online for $35 per year (with multiuser and government and corporate discounts), but several free features are available on the site, most notably the Chicago Style QA, which offers responses to queries either from the manual itself or from a live (and sometimes snarky) respondent. You needn’t pay for a short-form (but still substantial) guide to citing sources, either, and a guide to preparation of electronic manuscripts and a chart of proofreaders’ marks are also available to all site visitors. The subscription cost includes access to the entire text of the fifteenth and sixteenth editions, as well as an online forum and a personalization feature. Print version: $65 3. The Economist The free style guide for this venerable British publication (focusing, of course, on British English but suitable for Yanks as well) embarks on a sure footing with an enumeration of George Orwell’s famous writing rules, followed by these admonitions: Do not be stuffy. Use the language of everyday speech. Do not be hectoring or arrogant. Do not be too pleased with yourself. Do not be too chatty. Do not be too didactic. Do your best to be lucid. The format is encyclopedic, but the often wryly written entries (from Abbreviations to Wrack no entries, alas, for X ray, yak, or zeugma) are searchable, and some expand with the click of a link. (The long-form entry about abbreviations, for example, is more than 1,000 words long.) Print version: $29.95 4. National Geographic This free online resource from the National Geographic Society doesn’t show up high in search rankings, but it’s an excellent resource. (And, seriously, have you ever seen a clumsy sentence, a grammatical error, or even a typo in National Geographic?) Unusually terse but clear entries are organized alphabetically, and the site includes a directory of new and altered entries and, especially helpful, one of terms and rules that contradict other authoritative resources or are exceptions to the norm. Print version: none 5. Yahoo.com Alone among these five selections, Yahoo’s style guide (both in print form and on the Internet the latter version is free) focuses on online writing, and though concise prose is one of the hallmarks of Web content, the site’s articles are substantial (but helpfully so). The Editing 101 section includes thirty detailed articles about punctuation, abbreviation, capitalization, titles, and numbers, and Writing for the Web features more than thirty extensive articles grouped under ten topics such as Shorten and Strengthen Sentences and Write Clear User-Interface Text. The site also includes a selective but substantial sampling of Yahoo’s word list (downloadable, so you can adapt and add to it), a resource list, and an Ask the Editor feature. Print version: $21.99 Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)What Is a Doctor?

Free The Shootist Analysis Essay Topic

Free The Shootist Analysis Essay Topic The Shootist Introduction The Shootist is a film, which was directed by the legendary Don Siegel and produced in the year 1976. It is a modernist film set in 1901 in Nevada. The story revolves around the heroic Books who has made a name for himself when he emerged as a successful gunfighter. It features his last days, which are so turbulent and characterized by lots of challenges. The film covers his last days just before his death when he is making overwhelming wishes. Before meeting his death, he finds himself under the custody of Bond Rogers, a strong-willed widow who owns a magnificent boarding house. His friendship with this family becomes stronger as he is perceived as a good mentor for Ron Howard who is the only son in this family. However, this does not last long before he is caught up by his former foes. This becomes a turning point in his life. Having achieved something in his life, he now wants to enjoy a peaceful death. Therefore, he spends his time looking for a better way through which he could die without enduring any pain and agony. However, this is not fulfilled as he is interrupted by his enemies who deny him a dignified death he has been hoping for. Despite the fact that he kills all his enemies, he later dies after receiving two gun shots. This fatal dwell marks the tragic end of his life. The Shootist is a modernist film because it has various elements of this genre in it This can be depicted from the way it is composed and presented. Its thematic concerns, stylistic devices, and the arrangement of the plots are clear indications of a modernist work of art. There is a shift from the traditional literature, which is embedded in the traditional concepts of narration and depiction of facts in reflection of the society. However, Don brings a breakthrough in this genre when he extensively employs new features throughout the film. This can be seen in the following areas: To begin with, The Shootist involves the use of formal characters There are so many characters in this film each of whom has a distinct role to play. These include Books, Queen Victoria, Hostetler, Bond Rogers, Gillom, Marshal Walter Thibido, Mike Sweeney, Moses, Jack Pulford, and Jay Cobb. The interaction between the Books, the protagonist, and other characters is similar to a typical society. It involves the normal agreements and conflicts, which is always seen in modernist literature. While there is a cordial relationship between the protagonist and other characters like Bond Rogers, Gillom, Old flame Serepta, and Marshal Walter Thibido, there is a turbulent relationship between him and others like Mike Sweeney and the two strangers who engage him in a dwell. The conflict is particularly witnessed when Mike opts to avenge Books for the murder of his brother. Later, Books is confronted by his enemies who launch a shoot out on him. However, after his death, it is only the young Gillon who demonstrates his love for his slain friend when he covers h is dead body. He is saddened because of the close relationship they had. As already highlighted, their friendship starts when Books is welcomed in their family by his mother who wants him to mentor this young boy. The kind of interactions amongst all the characters is showing that this film is a modernist one. Besides, The Shootist is rich in symbolism Don extensively employs this device throughout the film to help in the delivery of his message to the viewers. The death of Books is symbolic of his fulfillment as a gun shooter who was able to live a life of fulfillment. As a fighter, he did a lot of things, which made him be popular in his community. Later, he could not have a peaceful death as he had been planning, especially during his last days on earth. As a human being, he knew that he would die one day. Therefore, he was prepared to face his death in a bold manner. This is why, he was ready to traverse the community and come across people like Lauren. Eventually, he was not able to accomplish this desire. Although this was a very big blow to him, it was symbolic of how peoples past can haunt them. Instead of focusing on his future, he concentrated on the past. All the things he had done in the past would later influence his life. His death, which resulted from cancer, is symbolic of how the past can haunt a person. Symbolism is also used when Gillon takes off his cap before the dead Books. This symbolizes respect for the dead man. The removal of a cap is always used to indicate some submission and discipline. It has been used in the disciplined forces for a very long time. When Gillon removed his cap to salute the corpse of his mentor, it means that he was showing that he respected him as his senior. However, this would not cease with his death because it even continued. Apart from being his mentor, Books was a celebrated hero in this community. The film emphasizes the role of focus in life. Everyone should not be glued to their past. Instead, they should take the initiative to adapt to their immediate environment and live together with the rest of the society. The use of this technique enables the film to add depth to its meaning, enrich and make it more interesting for the viewers. In addition, The Shootist presents themes, which are relevant to the modernist ideologies. In other words, there are messages of flexibility, hatred of war, and individual fulfillment. Books was conscious of his role as a gun shooter. He had been engaged in the traditional gun shootings. This did not go well with the rest of the society because it earned him lots of enemies, which later cost him a lot in his life. Besides, his actions and attitude towards life was a clear indication of personal consciousness. As a rational man, he could look at life from a more logical point of view. His story is a clear demonstration of how conflicts can be dangerous and costly in the long run. Although he had been longing for a peaceful death, he could not achieve this because of the changing circumstances. It is no longer possible for people to stick to the traditional and superstitious ways of life in which a dying mans utterances were considered as secret. Modernity has come and has changed ever ything. People have rejected the old standards and have become more concerned about objectivity. Books himself was also an alienated person who was not linked to his family ties. He was even more comfortable to live with Rodgers. It is a clear indication of the growing modernity in which individuals become more alienated and seek personal fulfillments without an unnecessary influence from other relatives. Finally, the film demonstrates the elements of modernism because of the use of irony and satire It is true that Books is a hero. The viewers expect him to demonstrate his successes throughout his life. It should not only be narrowed to fighting. In fact, he is expected to do extraordinary things. However, this does not come to be. As fate would have it, he becomes a victim of his history. First, he decides to seek refuge in Rogers house. This is so ironical because no one can expect him to be under the custody of a woman. His courage should not allow him to be under the care of a woman. It is so satirical since he is the one who would be expected to provide for people like her. Later, he dies in the battle field. It is so ironical that a great shooter like him is felled by another fighter. His death after felling all his opponents not only appears strange, but satirical. Although he later dies as a hero, it is a great loss to Gillom who gets so grieved by the great loss. All these features qualify this film as a modern one because it is a shift from the traditional epics, which is usually characterized by immortality of the protagonists. Conclusion The Shootist is a well-directed film, which gives an invaluable education to its viewers. It is a great work by Don because it demonstrates how art can be used to express emotional interior state of the characters by using a variety of stylistic devices such as satire, irony, juxtaposition, imagery, and expressionism. These enable it to clearly bring out the major theme of the film in a simple manner to be understood by all the viewers. It is a true example of a modernist work, a trait, which made it clinch the prestigious Writers Guild, Academy, and Golden Globes awards. The Shootist is indeed an invaluable film, which should be recommended to all those interested in getting entertained, educated, and challenged. It is a must-watch modernist film.

The Awful Truth about Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Awful Truth about Archaeology - Essay Example The author explains that as we see in media, there is no bad guy who turns up to halt the work of archeology. The author claims that the real archeology world is way different from â€Å"The Tomb Raider†, â€Å"Indiana Jones, and â€Å"The Curse of the Mummy†. She explains that contrary to people believe she have not come across any curse, golden idol, serpents, and scorpions or lightening. She says if someone hand over her a map with clues as we see in movies then there would be lot of unpleasantness with campus police and also she have to spend lot of time to get permission to land in that exotic country. They will have to search for months for the site and also credible amount of time in searching debris and soil layers. She explains that real archeology requires lot of inspection of the earth, stones and artifacts. She suggest that most of the archeologist carries a copy of the Calvin and Hobbs cartoon in their office which shows that archeology is one of the most mind numbing jobs in the world. Author says that it involves lot of paper work and handling of delicate instrument. Sebastian reveals that when one work in extreme weather condition with sand blowing on their face and working with delicate instruments on a vulnerable site then they most often question their career choice. But she claims that archeology is exciting because it connects people with past in an interesting way. It is immediate and personal experience. She shares the experience of excavation in Arizona where they found a pit house with human hand prints that were date to AD 805. She writes that sharing these with the children of today was a matter of excitement and connecting with their ancestors. She exclaims that if Lara Croft was there instead, then she would have destroyed the pit house and smashed the handprints in the search for goodies. She suggests that Lara might have missed all the traces that they have found like the pottery,

Critique on another students project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique on another students project - Essay Example Thus, we have a Prioress who is a perfect exponent of table dining manners, a Monk who has amassed a huge fortune and leads an aristocratic life and a miller whose expertise lies in telling lascivious tales. Though many critics have pointed out the so-called anti-feminist presentation of Chaucer's characters, they are largely true of a country where moral ethics were dwindling, largely due to the coming of the Renaissance and also because the pseudo chivalry of love, honour and fame of the medieval times were beginning to loose ground. The Canterbury Tales are emblematic of a society that was under going a change: a society that had become decadent and was on the verge of a huge re-birth, to be brought about by the Renaissance. If Canterbury Tales operates to be largely a social documentary of its times, John Lydgate's The Fall of Princes operates within the popular medieval genre of "advice to princes" literature. Deriving from French sources, Lydgate offers his readers the various conflicts experienced between the autocratic Church and the state authority. It not only anticipates the problems of the Divine Rights Policy, whereby a king ruled upon his subjects as the religiously chosen one, but also shows the element of corruption which had become synonymous to the medieval Churches.

The Shawshank Redemption Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Shawshank Redemption - Movie Review Example Despite Andy’s declaration of innocence he is retained in the prison guided by circumstantial evidence. The movie uses the character of Andy Dufrense to reflect the resilience of human spirit and how one can retain his humanity against all odds under penitence. Andy Dufresne in his late 40s has no reason to be apprehensive about life unless things changes a little too fast for him. The corpses of his wife and her previous lover are found strewn with bullets after Andy comes to know of his wife’s illicit relationship. The circumstance goes against him when he visits his house with whisky and bullets. Though he admits to these incidents, he declares his innocence but all he receives form the court of justice is to life sentences to serve and undergo the tough penitence of the jail at Shawshank which is known to be the most atrocious one in New England. When Eliss â€Å"Red† Redding befriends Andy, he foretells that the lanky and out of place Andy would not be able to sustain here for long. His prediction seems strong given that Andy is surrounded by hostile inmates and strong tough and aggressive head guard like Hadley and personalities like Warden Norton (enacted by Bob Grunton) who made their dominance clearly felt throughout. Later when Andy narrates his story to Red, he says, â€Å"Bad luck, I guess. It floats around. It's got to land on somebody. It was my turn, that's all. I was in the path of the tornado. I just didn't expect the storm would last as long as it has†. This is complemented by the harassment of the group of troublemakers and sexual assaulters named â€Å"The Sisters† under the leadership of Bogs. Despite being tormented Andy does not give in. This surrounding is ideal to prove the Prison to live up to its name and reputation of atrocity and violence and abrupt instances of abuse occur frequently. With brutality on one hand, corruption also prevails on the other. For instance, the Warden Norton uses Andy to as sist him in his operation of laundering money under the fake name of Randall Stevens. This opportunity comes when by his luck his discovers Hadley is in a problem related to tax on an inheritance and renders his fruitful advice on the same. He is then asked to look after the library and also renders financial counseling to the other guards. Hadley also beats up the group of ‘Sisters’ who refrains from bothering Andy henceforth. Things were comfortable for Andy since his talents are being exploited by the Warden who uses the inmates for supplying labor force instead of skilled labor for which he receives incentives. Andy knows his corruption but has little way out. He takes a big risk by playing The Marriage of Figago for his inmates to hear despite knowing that he would be confined to solitary cell for this offense of rendering one pleasant moment. He carries on his good work by expanding the library after several attempts and with the help of the warden. He dedicates t he library to Brookes the old librarian who commits suicide after being released on parole since he could not adjust to the outside world. The movie set over a wide space of two decades joins different strands of stories taking place in the prison. This shows how Andy retains

Education - high school Essay Example for Free

Education high school Essay High school, as well as college, is just another part in everyone’s lives. Almost everyone goes through such a transition between two very diverse and different worlds. These diverse worlds can be compared and contrasted; however, not all are aware of the possible similarities and differences between them. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the students in high school and students college in terms of the level of the academics, time schedule, as well as the culture practiced by each student. First of all, high school is the first step to a higher level of learning. High school equips us with the proper knowledge needed in order to survive college and other higher levels of learning. Also, there are many subjects in high school such as: math, science, English, art, piano classes and many other subjects. The students are more relaxed and they will learn more carefully. Compared to the time schedule of college students, high school students’ schedules are much more fixed because the standard call time is at 7:30 a. m. and end at 3:00p. m. Students are much more immature and they need guidance in order to lead themselves to better lives. They study inside a single classroom all day, thus having little freedom; on the other hand, the students in the college have different single rooms for each subject. College, on the other hand, is a different story. The subjects a student will learn and discuss are much more specific since students finally chose the best major and a career path students will take in the future. College students are more experience and their workload is much more complex and heavy. They have more responsibilities to carry out in college. The curriculum is much more specific and complicated because detailed topics are being discussed regarding your chosen career path. College student’s time schedules are very flexible because the students can choose their own desired time schedule. These students are much more outgoing and independent compared to high school students. The culture of college students is much more diverse because there is a huge number of students inside a college; many student come from all over the world. College introduce students to each others culture and nationality. People can really see the distinctive difference between these two phases in life; however, there are also some similarities students will experience during their transition into college live. Friends from your high school will usually be there for you especially when you keep a constant connection between them. Studying habits such as cramming for a test or homework, breaking the rules and disciplinary sanctions are still evident in both high school and college to help each other’s. To sum up, we all know that almost all students goes through high school and college. We can compare that college is much more challenging and complex than high school. This is a higher level of learning, thus, requiring more time, effort as well as devotion to studies. Even though college is very tiring at time, I still believe that college is a much more enjoyable and exciting. To have that kind of freedom in your schedule is very rewarding; however, proper judgment is a must since we are all mature students now.

Dialogue Essay - Ron was Unhappy :: Dialogue Essays

Dialogue Essay - Ron was Unhappy Ron was unhappy with the way his life had turned out. He had always expected to be a celebrity; a wealthy celebrity. He had not realized that this would probably require a lot of hard work and discipline. He had depended on luck. Luck had let him down. As he looked back on his short life, he could see how often he had had the opportunity to take luck by the throat. But those opportunities were past now. His life no longer had the prospect of wealth or celebrity. He had been born to a couple of teenagers. They had never really grown up the whole time he’d known them. He was the mature one of the family, and he resented this. He had no brothers or sisters. His parents, though alive, were no longer together, and he felt as if he was all alone in the world. Holidays divided between different households was difficult for him to come to terms with. It robbed the holidays of the joy he so much wanted them to hold. He had long ago decided to forgo holidays altogether, not because they no longer had any meaning for him, but because they meant so much. He refused to see them turned into tugs-of-war. Ron had joined the service as soon as he got out of high school, not because he wanted to, but because he didn’t really have anything better to do, and no place better to do it. He was not a model soldier. He was in and out of trouble, but somehow managed to get out with an honorable discharge. He still had nothing better to do. He finally found himself a job in a factory. Nothing too demanding, and perhaps a little demeaning to his intelligence. But it kept him fed. He didn’t hate his job, but he had no loyalty to it. He smoked a little too much. He loved his cigarettes. He didn’t think he was addicted, and would quit from time to time, sometimes for weeks, sometimes for months, and twice for a couple of years. But he loved tobacco. He knew it might kill him someday, but this did not cause his affection to waver. He also loved women. They seemed to love him as well. At least those who could get close to him. But there was something about him that they could not penetrate, no matter how much or how often they tried.

Alcoholism is a Disease Essay -- essays research papers

Alcoholism has been a problem throughout the history of humanity, a disease which has caused many people to be overcome with burdens, problems, and debts. Alcoholism is a term that is widely recognized throughout the United States and the World. Alcoholism is a chronic disease, progressive and often fatal; it is a disorder and not due to other diseases or emotional problems. Many scientists have tried to define what Alcoholism is, and what this disease may be rooted from. Some people would argue that alcoholism is simply the over-consumption of alcohol, this statement is only somewhat true. An alcoholic is a person who relies on alcohol as a medium to help him or her deal with physical, emotional, or spiritual needs. To understand alcoholism, it must first be understood what this affliction is dependent on. Alcohol is a substance that is made by the fermentation of fruits, grains, or miscellaneous other organic materials. The chemical, alcohol, is a depressant and acts on every cell in the human body. Due to this, the central nervous system, along with the pleasure centers of the brain, are affected resulting in a feeling of euphoria and a sense of well being. After repeated exposure, the brain becomes dependent on this drug to unburden itself whenever it feels the compulsion. Several factors that contribute to alcoholism are the individual’s psychology, genetics, culture, and the individual’s response to physical pain. In order to understand alcoholism, we must first de...

Admission Essay for Mba Essay

The quest for knowledge is unlimited as are the human wants. Perception is the basic idea behind every accomplishment. The field of business administration in itself is a line with inquisitive and progressive future. The very immediate applicability of the subject and its consequent results on improvisation of society on whole is a rewarding experience to go through. The one thing in present day and in future that will remain constant will be the progress and development of mankind. Thus the focus will inevitably be on developing the business structure. This being one of the main factors that directly reflect any countries growth and index of development has scope for challengeable and innovative future. The very beauty of this field which inclined me towards it is the fact that this field is never confined and ever emerging by bounding and integrating with different fields towards extracting the best we can do! See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Ever since my childhood I was always fascinated by the way a business works. I always showed interest towards the working of a business and from my schooling I used to accompany my father in his business. I used to help him with maintaining accounts and learnt various business tactics. Today when choosing a specialization it is a great relief that what I want to pursue is not only a fast developing and long lasting field but also a subject of immense interest to me. Combined by my full commitment and wholehearted interest towards the subject and after judging the applicability of my decision towards my career’s progress I can say with full satisfaction that this is the best that I can do from personal and productive point of views. Apart from the academic interest, I expanded my thirst for knowledge by presenting different technical papers at national and state levels. A few of my papers are Export Documentation, Import Documentation, Working of a Retail Outlet, few Finance related papers and Accounting Projects. All these activities during my course and the interest generated from the projects attracted me more towards the field of Business Administration which supported my childhood interest. I was able to increase my intra personal traits by playing a major role in organizing the events of ARTHASHASTRA, a state level commerce students festival organized by Commerce Organization For Emerging Entrepreneurs (COFEE) at our institution which created a perfect platform for exposing myself in both leadership qualities and monitoring skills, which created lot of zeal to counteract the surrounding situations. As the United States education system is the polestar for other nations, I therefore chose to opt for USA for my higher education. Furthermore, I hardly need to mention that Franklin University being among the reputed schools for Business Administration would provide the best in terms of opportunities, infrastructural facilities and academically stimulating environment. My intended areas of specialization in the Graduate program in the Business Administration at Franklin University (Columbus, OH) is Masters in Business Administration (MBA) in order to pursue a carrier in business administration and experience the excitement and satisfaction of being associated with this vast and expanding field. Finally I would like to add that the essence of University education lies in the synergic relationships between the student and his department. I am confident that I will match the high standards set by the University. I thus feel that a Graduate study at Franklin University will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major step towards achieving my objectives. I would definitely boost my ambitions if I am given the opportunity to pursue my higher studies at Franklin University with suitable financial assistance and I am confident that I will be able to justify your faith in me.

America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay Example

America’s Post America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Essay America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains Name: Course: Date: America’s Post-Civil War Growing Pains The American Civil War or the War between the States was fought from 1860 to 1866 between the Northern group of U.S. and numerous slave states in the Southern region that demanded secession from the greater North America with the intent of forming the Confederacy or the Confederate States of America. The original cause of the civil war included the controversial issue of slavery. After four years of deadly battles, the Southerners were overpowered, slavery was done away with and the cumbersome processes of Reconstruction, reinstating unity and certifying the rights to slaves began. Impact of the two major historical turning points on America’s current standing The period between 1865 to1900 that was also known as the Reconstruction era, various economic and social events took place that greatly shaped North America. The American Farm Unrest is one such event that was highly supported by disgruntled farmers who were displeased with the worsening political and economic conditions. To counter these effects, farmers grouped themselves into political parties, interest groups and cooperatives to increase their influence. Examples of these groups include the Patrons of Husbandry that tackled transport and business issues and The Farmers’ Alliance that stressed on marketing and state intervention. The industrial change commonly known as ‘The Incorporation of America’ was another major occurrence that was featured during this period. These changes included building of steel factories, railroad expansion and other related developments such as large-scale corporations. Impact of turning points in America The changes in the industrial sector that were boosted mainly by the surplus capital, numerous resources and infrastructure had various effects on the socio-political environment. The expansion of the railroad system resulted in increased consumption of steel and coal within the areas where the system was being expanded. The railroad contributed towards the inception of the modern stockholder corporations. The Reconstruction also triggered increased focus by entrepreneurs such as Cornelius Vanderbilt into commercial activities and created the phenomenon of ‘robber batons’ that were essentially wealthy individuals engaging in ship and rail transport. The Reconstruction period ushered in an era of increased participation in politics especially among the black Americans residing in the South. President Lincoln and the Reconstruction period Abraham Lincoln was regarded by many as America’s best president. However, during the Reconstruction period, a large section of the population in the South viewed him as their ultimate adversary and tyrant. The main source of this hatred was the idea that President Lincoln was more focused on rebuilding the Union rather than reconstructing the South. Most of his proposals and policies were geared toward coercing the South into treaties with the Union for instance the 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction for states provided they swore allegiance to the Union and the stand against slavery (Feldman, 2004). If President Lincoln had not been assassinated, the Reconstruction process would have been more wholesome and faster. His generous and fair approach toward the South meant that the President was prepared to work with all the citizens of the United States of America to ensure they maximized their Reconstruction efforts. Effect of industrialization and urbanization during the Reconstruction period The Reconstruction period was characterized by accumulation of personal wealth, poverty and development. The United States of America became progressively urban, and cities sprung up with higher population and size. Skyscrapers and expansive transportation systems became the hallmark of every city. There was an increased volume of immigration with people from various countries moving into the ‘Golden Land of America’ from as far as Mexico, China, Middle East and Russia. On the political scene, focus shifted away from the mafia bosses such as George Cox and William Marcy Tweed and more toward institutionalized welfare system that improved the level of education, security and housing. Urbanization provided a ready market and an opportunity for research and development for technological products. Innovators such as Samuel Morse and Thomas Edison found a chance to develop products that improved communication in the world. People living in urban areas also developed a cultur e of increased consuming that saw the rise of supermarkets, convenience and department stores such as Macys, Woolworths and Sears Roebuck (Kaplan Valls, 2007). Discriminatory laws against non-white citizens and immigrants The various policy amendments during the Reconstruction period were known as Jim Crow laws. The laws were discriminatory against the black population within America. They prohibited black Americans from certain schools, public transportation, restaurants and public spaces. This discrimination was openly expressed by White Democrats who misappropriated their influence to isolate public spaces and amenities through the law and reinstate social control over African-Americans in the South (White, 2012). The Jim Crow laws succeeded in imposing a strict racial segregation, relegating black people to substandard schools and other public amenities, forcing taxes and literacy tests with the intention of eliminating black people from either vying or voting, and achieving judicial support for discrimination. The Black Codes were another set of laws that also limited the civil rights and liberties of African-Americans. In areas such as Texas, these laws were embraced strictly and resulted in bl ack people being reinstated the ‘slave’ label. The judicial system therefore played a major role in consenting to the amendment of most laws to include discriminatory articles that subjected the black community to economic and social hardships. References Feldman G. (2004). The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama, Athens: University of Georgia Press Kaplan J. Valls A. (2007). Housing Discrimination as a Basis for Black Reparations. Public Affairs Quarterly. Retrieved from http://people.oregonstate.edu/~kaplanj/Reparations.pdf White R. (2012). The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved from gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/essays/rise-industrial-america-1877-1900

Serial Killers Women and Men Comparison

Serial Killers Women and Men Comparison A serial killer is defined as any person who manages to kill three or more people with enough time intervals between each killing. Most of the time, crimes of men serial killers are heard regularly as they are more horrible than that of women serial killers. As for the men, they do their crimes in a brutal manner and damage the bodies of the victims (Hickey 52). Another reason that make men serial killers to be common than women serial killers is because of the methods they use to kill their victims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers: Women and Men Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the profile analysis, 40% of the men’s victims are killed by firearms, 38% are denied some oxygen, and 35% are stubbed the most sensitive body parts, and some small percentages are killed by poisoning or drowning. In addition, most of the men serial killers do not hide or deny their actions, but t hey rather draw some attention with their actions (Hickey 68). The physical counting of the men serial killers victims is very high compare to that of women serial killers. The main difference between women serial killers and men serial killers is that, women try to keep their actions under cover, without drawing any attention. Women serial killers can be referred to as gentle murderers because the methods they use to kill their victims are not brutal. According to the profile analysis, approximately 80% of their victims, women make use of poisoning to kill them. Although they also use some other methods like shooting, suffocating, and drowning, they prefer the silent killing methods. Women serial killers are not known to be violent in most of the time like their counterparts. Men serial killers have been spotted to be violent even to small children, and sexually harassing their victims dead or alive. Men serial killers start by giving their victims some pornographic materials, so a s to make them psychologically prepared before they rape them (Hickey 112). An example of a man serial killer is Jack the Ripper from London. He brutally killed people for three months in 1888 among them five prostitutes. Jack did not hide his actions, as he went to an extent of mutilating and dissecting the bodies of his victims openly. Most of the men serial killers fall under the category of missionary killers who perform their act of killing to some specific groups of people like prostitutes or homosexuals. An example of a women serial killer is Aileen Wuornos who fell under the category of sexual predators. This lady killed seven men in Florida in her duties of prostitution (Hickey 230). She claimed that these men were trying to rape her. Men serial killers are divided into four subdivisions depending on the reasons behind killing such as power seekers, visionaries that involve obeying the source of egos of killing, missionaries whereby, the serial killer claim it’s his responsibility to clean up the society by killing the unwanted personnel according to him.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final type of men serial killers are hedonists, who kills so as to gain power and satisfaction. To some extent both men and women serial killers work as a team either male and male, male and a female, female and a female, or in some cases as family teams. Other examples of men serial killers include John Wayne Gacy who happened to kill 33 people and Ted Bundy who raped several women and killed all of them in Florida. Other female serial killers include Irene Leidolf who murdered 49 patients, in addition to some other three nurses. Mary Ann Cotton murdered more than 20 people by secret. Women serial killers are also divided into five types the most two common types are Black widows and Angels of Death. The black widows women serial killers kill thei r several partners as well as family members, or anybody who has a close relationship with them. On the other hand, angels of death type kill people who are left to take care of them for instance nurses. Other types of women serial killers are revenge killers, sexual predators and contract killers. Both men and women serial killers have causes of their actions. Like discussed above, men mostly become serial killers due to several reasons, but the most important factor is getting rid of a certain group of people from the society (Hickey 302). The psychological effect of hating some group of people may have a great impact to these people. The profile research shows that majority of men serial killers are missionary killers who either concentrate on killing prostitutes, homosexuals or may be a certain tribe of people. That idea of hating a certain group of people may be a great contributor that may require to be addressed. Same to women serial killers, the psychological effects are the most contributors. The issues of finding pleasure and revenging out of killing are unpersuasive. It’s unusual for any normal person to find pleasure in the act of killing, instead humiliations and frustrations are gotten. If any wrong done is revenged by killing that means everyone should be long dead, because everyone in one way or another has done something wrong. Work Cited Hickey, Eric. Serial Murderers and their Victims. New York: Thomson Higher Education, 2006.